Current Concepts in the Business of Orthopaedics.

Practice management within orthopaedic surgery demands a multifaceted skillset including clinical expertise, technical proficiency, and business acumen, yet the latter is rarely taught during orthopaedic training. As the healthcare system evolves in the United States, surgeons continue to face challenges such as decreasing reimbursements, increased regulatory burdens, and potential for practice acquisition. To remain competitive and provide exceptional care for patients, orthopaedic surgeons must cultivate a business-minded approach. This article highlights the growing significance of the business of orthopaedics and offers guidance on ambulatory surgical center ownership models, effective management of ancillary services, the effect of private equity in orthopaedic practice, real estate investment opportunities in medical office buildings, and the importance of brand recognition. By understanding these concepts, orthopaedic surgeons can exercise greater control over their practice's finances while providing quality care for their patients.

Concussions in the Women's National Basketball Association: Analysis of Incidence, Return-to-Play Timing, and Player Performance From 1997 to 2020.

Background: The extent to which concussions affect Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) athletes has not been thoroughly examined. Purpose: To evaluate the incidence and impact of concussion injuries occurring in the WNBA. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Publicly available records were searched to identify all documented basketball-related concussions from WNBA seasons 1997 to 2020. Player demographics, injury details, and basketball career information were collected. Concussion incidence and return-to-play (RTP) timing were evaluated before and after the institution of the WNBA concussion protocol in 2012. Minutes per game and game score per minute were compared 5 games before and 5 games after the concussion was sustained. Player game availability and RTP performance were also compared with an age-, body mass index-, position-, and experience-matched control group of players who did not sustain any injuries during the index season. Results: A total of 70 concussions among 55 players were reported in the WNBA from 1997 to 2020, with a mean incidence of 2.9 ± 2.3 concussions per season. After the implementation of the WNBA concussion protocol, the incidence significantly increased from 1.7 to 5.0 concussions per season (P < .001). All players returned after a first-time concussion, missing a mean of 3.8 ± 4.7 games and 17.9 ± 20.7 days. After the adoption of the concussion protocol, the time to RTP significantly increased with games missed (P = .006) and days missed (P = .006). Minutes per game and game score per minute were not significantly affected by sustaining a concussion (P = .451 and P = .826, respectively). Conclusion: Since the adoption of the WNBA concussion protocol in the 2012 season, the incidence of concussions increased significantly. Athletes retained a high rate of RTP after missing a median of 4 games, and the time to RTP increased after the institution of the concussion protocol. Player game availability and performance within the same season were not significantly affected by concussion injuries after a successful RTP.

Economic and Performance Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in National Basketball Association Players.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most devastating injuries seen in the National Basketball Association (NBA). No previous studies have examined the economic impact of ACL tears in the NBA. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to examine the economic impact of ACL tears on NBA players and teams by calculating the costs of recovery (COR) and classifying players based on preinjury success level (All-Star or equivalent, starter, or reserve) and salary (in US$ million: <1.5, 1.5-4, or >4 per season). It was hypothesized that players with a lower preinjury salary or primarily a reserve role would have decreased costs, lower rates of return to play (RTP), and shorter careers. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: We reviewed the publicly available records of NBA players treated with ACL reconstruction from 2000 to 2015. Data collected included player demographics, player salaries, statistical performance using player efficiency rating (PER), and specifics regarding time missed and RTP rate. RESULTS: A total of 35 players met the study inclusion criteria. The cumulative economic loss from ACL injuries in the NBA from 2000 to 2015 was $99 million. The average COR was $2.9 million per player. RTP rate was 91% overall, with 70% retention at 3 years. Players that made a salary of less than $1.5 million per season before the injury had a significant drop in PER (difference of -7), RTP rate of 63%, and only 37% retention at 3 years. Conversely, recovering All-Star players also had a significant drop in PER (-6.2), and no players repeated as All-Stars in the season after ACL reconstruction (0%), although they did have a 100% RTP rate and an average career length of 5.6 seasons postinjury. CONCLUSION: While the RTP rate in NBA athletes remained high, ACL reconstruction can result in decreased statistical performance and/or inability to return to prior levels of play. Players who made less than $1.5 million preinjury or played primarily in a reserve role were associated with lower RTP and retention in the NBA at 3 years.

Impact of COVID-19 on Recovered Athletes Returning to Competitive Play in the NBA "Bubble".

BACKGROUND: The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has had far-reaching implications for the world of professional sports. The National Basketball Association (NBA) suspended active regular season play in 2020 after a player tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. No previous studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on return to play in the NBA. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to examine performance measures for NBA players who had recovered from COVID-19 and returned to play in the NBA bubble. We hypothesized that these athletes would play fewer minutes and have decreased performance statistics compared with performance during the 2019-2020 regular season prior to the lockdown and with career averages. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: NBA players positive for SARS-CoV-2 who played in both the 2019-2020 regular season and the NBA bubble were identified. Data collected included player demographics and player performance statistics. RESULTS: A total of 20 players were included in the study. Players who had recovered from COVID-19 played significantly fewer minutes per game in the NBA bubble (25.8 vs 28.7; P = .04) and made fewer field goals per game (4.6 vs 5.4; P = .02) compared with the season prior to shutdown. While NBA bubble players demonstrated slight decreases in averages for points (P = .06), rebounds (P =.13), assists (P = .23), steals (P = .30), and blocks (P = .71) per game, these were not statistically significant. Aside from an increase in made free throws per game during the bubble (3.3 vs 2.8; P = .04), player performance was not significantly different from career averages. CONCLUSION: For players who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 prior to playing in the NBA bubble, the current study demonstrated that despite playing significantly fewer minutes per game, performance was not statistically different from either their pre-COVID 2019-2020 level of play or from their career averages.

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Using Achilles Tendon Allograft With Bone Block.

Recurrent patellar instability is a common problem and often leads to a tear of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Multiple reconstruction techniques for the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) exist. This Technical Note presents a technique for performing MPFL reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft with a bone block. The advantages of this technique include (1) bone-to-bone healing in femoral tunnel; (2) docking the bone block in the femoral tunnel obviates the knee for calculating graft and tunnel length; (3) fixing the femoral side before the patellar side allows graft tensioning under direct visualization and avoids over-constraint; (4) the fanned portion of the Achilles tendon allows broad-based MPFL footprint coverage on the medial patellar ridge; and (5) it avoids the need for bone tunnel drilling in the patella, reducing the risk to penetration of the drill holes into the articular cartilage surface as well as the risk for patellar fracture.

The Effect of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels in Athletes.

Vitamin D is a lipophilic prohormone integral to musculoskeletal, autoimmune, oncologic, cardiovascular, and mental health. Of particular importance to the orthopedic surgeon is the role of vitamin D in the regulation of bone mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Although vitamin D-related skeletal pathologies are rare in industrialized nations, emerging research in the field has shown that most American adults have inadequate levels of vitamin D. Even among athletes, there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which may place competitors at risk of stress fractures, illness, and delayed muscle recovery. Adequately identifying vitamin D-deficient individuals in need of supplementation is important to help optimize performance and prevent future injury. The goal of this review is to describe the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and its effects on athletic performance and musculoskeletal health. Future double-blinded studies of vitamin D supplementation in athletes are needed. We recommend treating athletes who have insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels.

Vitamin D Insufficiency Among Professional Basketball Players: A Relationship to Fracture Risk and Athletic Performance.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is believed to play a role in influencing fracture risk and athletic performance. Insufficiency of vitamin D affects an estimated three-quarters of the United States population. Hypovitaminosis D has also been demonstrated to be quite common among professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). PURPOSE: To determine whether a relationship exists between vitamin D levels and fracture risk and athletic performance (as measured by NBA draft status) among elite basketball players. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Data were obtained from the NBA regarding combine participants from 2009 through 2013. This information included vitamin D level, demographic information, fracture history, and NBA draft status. The data were analyzed to determine associations between vitamin D level and fracture risk and NBA draft status. RESULTS: Vitamin D levels were measured for 279 players at the NBA Combine from 2009 through 2013. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was seen in 32.3% of athletes, vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL) was seen in 41.2%, and sufficient levels of vitamin D (>30 ng/mL) were present in only 26.5%. A total of 118 players had a history of at least 1 fracture. Vitamin D level was not predictive of fracture risk. Contrary to our hypothesis, players with a history of stress fracture had a significantly greater mean vitamin D level than those without such history (30.7 vs 25.1 ng/mL; P = .04). A majority (79.6%) of participants were selected in the NBA draft. Players with deficient vitamin D levels had a significantly lower rate of being drafted into the NBA (P = .027). The NBA draft rate was found to increase with increasing levels of vitamin D (P = .007). CONCLUSION: Hypovitaminosis D is quite common among NBA Combine participants, affecting 73.5%. While no significant relationship was found between vitamin D level and fracture history, patients with a history of stress fracture had significantly greater mean vitamin D levels. Additionally, participants with greater vitamin D levels were more likely to be drafted into the NBA. This information supports the potential role of vitamin D in influencing athletic performance.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Patellofemoral Chondromalacia: Is There a Role for T2 Mapping?

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral pain is common, and treatment is guided by the presence and grade of chondromalacia. PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the sensitivity and specificity in detecting and grading chondral abnormalities of the patella between proton density fat suppression (PDFS) and T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 25 patients who underwent MRI of the knee with both a PDFS sequence and T2 mapping and subsequently underwent arthroscopic knee surgery were included. The cartilage surface of the patella was graded on both MRI sequences by 2 independent, blinded radiologists. Cartilage was then graded during arthroscopic surgery by a sports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeon. Reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were determined for both MRI methods. The findings during arthroscopic surgery were considered the gold standard. RESULTS: Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for both PDFS (98.5% and 89.4%, respectively) and T2 mapping (99.4% and 91.3%, respectively) MRI were excellent. For T2 mapping, the sensitivity (61%) and specificity (64%) were comparable, whereas for PDFS there was a lower sensitivity (37%) but higher specificity (81%) in identifying cartilage abnormalities. This resulted in a similar accuracy for PDFS (59%) and T2 mapping (62%). CONCLUSION: Both PDFS and T2 mapping MRI were reliable but only moderately accurate in predicting patellar chondromalacia found during knee arthroscopic surgery.

Vitamin D Deficiency Among Professional Basketball Players.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D plays an important role in several systems of the human body. Various studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to stress and insufficiency fractures, muscle recovery and function, and athletic performance. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the elite athletic population has not been extensively studied, and very few reports exist among professional athletes. HYPOTHESIS: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency among players attending the National Basketball Association (NBA) Combine. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of data previously collected as part of the routine medical evaluation of players in the NBA Combines from 2009 through 2013. Player parameters evaluated were height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and vitamin D level. Statistical analysis using t tests and analysis of variance was used to detect any correlation between the player parameters and vitamin D level. Vitamin D levels were categorized as deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20-32 ng/mL), and sufficient (>32 ng/mL). RESULTS: After institutional review board approval was submitted to the NBA, the NBA released deidentified data on 279 players who participated in the combines from 2009 through 2013. There were 90 players (32.3%) who were deficient, 131 players (47.0%) who were insufficient, and 58 players (20.8%) who were sufficient. A total of 221 players (79.3%) were either vitamin D deficient or insufficient. Among all players included, the average vitamin D level was 25.6 ± 10.2 ng/mL. Among the players who were deficient, insufficient, and sufficient, the average vitamin D levels were 16.1 ± 2.1 ng/mL, 25.0 ± 3.4 ng/mL, and 41.6 ± 8.6 ng/mL, respectively. Player height and weight were significantly increased in vitamin D-sufficient players compared with players who were not sufficient (P = .0008 and .009, respectively). Player age and BMI did not significantly differ depending on vitamin D status (P = .15 and .77, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency among participants in the NBA Combines. As a result, there should be a high suspicion for this metabolic abnormality among elite basketball players. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vitamin D level has been linked to bone health, muscle recovery and function, and athletic performance. Because of the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the NBA Combines, clinicians should maintain a high suspicion for vitamin D abnormalities among elite basketball players.

Athletic Performance at the National Basketball Association Combine After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are significant injuries in elite-level basketball players. In-game statistical performance after ACL reconstruction has been demonstrated; however, few studies have reviewed functional performance in National Basketball Association (NBA)-caliber athletes after ACL reconstruction. PURPOSE: To compare NBA Combine performance of athletes after ACL reconstruction with an age-, size-, and position-matched control group of players with no previous reported knee injury requiring surgery. We hypothesized that there is no difference between the 2 groups in functional performance. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 1092 NBA-caliber players who participated in the NBA Combine between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. Twenty-one athletes were identified as having primary ACL reconstruction prior to participation in the combine. This study group was compared with an age-, size-, and position-matched control group in objective functional performance testing, including the shuttle run test, lane agility test, three-quarter court sprint, vertical jump (no step), and maximum vertical jump (running start). RESULTS: With regard to quickness and agility, both ACL-reconstructed athletes and controls scored an average of 11.5 seconds in the lane agility test and 3.1 seconds in the shuttle run test (P = .745 and .346, respectively). Speed and acceleration was measured by the three-quarter court sprint, in which both the study group and the control group averaged 3.3 seconds (P = .516). In the maximum vertical jump, which demonstrates an athlete's jumping ability with a running start, the ACL reconstruction group had an average height of 33.6 inches while the controls averaged 33.9 inches (P = .548). In the standing vertical jump, the ACL reconstruction group averaged 28.2 inches while the control group averaged 29.2 inches (P = .067). CONCLUSION: In athletes who are able to return to sport and compete at a high level such as the NBA Combine, there is no significant difference in any combine performance test between players who have had primary ACL reconstruction compared with an age-, size-, and position-matched control group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Athletes with previous ACL reconstruction who are able to return to high-level professional basketball have equivalent performance measures with regard to speed, quickness, and jumping ability as those athletes who have not undergone knee surgery.

Subacromial pain pump use is safe after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: Intra-articular pain pumps with local anesthetics have been implicated as a potential cause of post-arthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL) of the shoulder. In short-term studies, subacromial pain pump use is effective and safe without association with PAGCL. Patients with full thickness rotator cuff tears may be at high risk of PAGCL given disruption of the tendinous integrity which may allow intra-articular infusion of local anesthetics. We hypothesized that subacromial pain pump use after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair would not result in PAGCL. METHODS: We analyzed a consecutive series of 34 patients treated with subacromial pain pump placement after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and subacromial decompression for full thickness rotator cuff tears. Thirty patients met inclusion criteria of greater than 12-month follow-up with an average age of 51 (28-68). All patients had the subacromial pain pumps placed under arthroscopic visualization and infused 0.25% bupivacaine without epinephrine at 2 cc/h for 48 h. All patients had clinical examinations and radiographic studies performed more than 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Patients had an average rotator cuff size of 1.6 cm and fixation was performed with bioabsorbable suture anchors. All patients had at least 150° of abduction and forward flexion at latest follow-up without palpable crepitus and no patients had any evidence of joint space narrowing on post-operative radiographs. CONCLUSION: Subacromial pain pump use after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is safe. Despite probable lack of a water-tight seal from repair, there were no cases of PAGCL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis.

Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL) is a rare complication in which the articular cartilage of the shoulder undergoes rapid, degenerative changes shortly after arthroscopic surgery. Patients with PAGCL are often young (eg, aged 10 to 40 years) and develop deep shoulder pain with progressive loss of motion that begins months after the initial arthroscopic surgery. PAGCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the patient with deep, unexplained shoulder pain following arthroscopic surgery. Although the etiology of PAGCL is not yet fully understood, the pathophysiology is likely multifactorial. Inherent patient factors and risk factors for PAGCL have been identified, but it is unclear how these factors interact. Current surgical practices need to be examined and new practices developed to prevent PAGCL. Proud placement of nonabsorbable suture anchors during surgery to correct instability, as well as the use of thermal devices and intra-articular pain pumps, should be avoided.

Epidemiology of isolated meniscal injury and its effect on performance in athletes from the National Basketball Association.

BACKGROUND: The current incidence and outcomes of meniscal injury have not been quantified in professional athletes. PURPOSE: To describe the incidence, risk, amount of time lost, and effect on performance for isolated meniscal injury in athletes from the National Basketball Association (NBA). Demographic factors predicting the risk of meniscal tears and the effect of injury in return to play were also investigated. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: A centralized database was queried to identify meniscal injuries occurring in the NBA over 21 seasons. The frequency of injury, time lost, game exposures, and incidence, rate, and risk were calculated. The preinjury and postinjury player efficiency rating (PER) was used to identify changes in player performance. RESULTS: We identified 129 isolated meniscal tears in NBA athletes during a 21-season span. From this number, 77 (59.7%) involved the lateral meniscus and 52 (40.3%) the medial meniscus. Injuries occurred more frequently in games. The lateral meniscus had a statistically significant higher injury rate. Both left and right knees were equally affected. The number of days missed for lateral meniscal tears and medial meniscal tears was 43.8 ± 35.7 days and 40.9 ± 29.7 days, respectively, and was not statistically different. There was a significant inverse relationship between age and rate of lateral meniscal tears, with lateral meniscal tears more likely to occur up to age 30 years; beyond that medial meniscal tears were more common. Players with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 had a significantly increased risk of meniscal tears compared with players with a BMI less than 25, specifically with an increased risk of lateral meniscal tears. Twenty-five players (19.4%) did not return to play. For those who did, upon returning to competition, there was no statistical change in PER from their preinjury status, and the mean number of seasons completed was 4.1 ± 3.7 seasons. CONCLUSION: The lateral meniscus is more frequently torn than the medial meniscus, but there was no difference in the amount of playing time lost. Both right and left knees were equally affected. There was an inverse relationship between age and the rate of lateral meniscal tears. Risk of tears was increased in players having a BMI greater than 25. Injury did not negatively affect playing performance.

Performance outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the National Basketball Association.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of return to play and to quantify the effect on the basketball player's performance after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). METHODS: Surgical injuries involving the ACL were queried for a 10-year period (1993-1994 season through 2004-2005 season) from the database maintained by the National Basketball Association (NBA). Standard statistical categories and player efficiency rating (PER), a measure that accounts for positive and negative playing statistics, were calculated to determine the impact of the injury on player performance relative to a matched comparison group. Over the study period, 31 NBA players had 32 ACL reconstructions. Two patients were excluded because of multiple ACL injuries, one was excluded because he never participated in league play, and another was the result of nonathletic activity. RESULTS: Of the 27 players in the study group, 6 (22%) did not return to NBA competition. Of the 21 players (78%) who did return to play, 4 (15%) had an increase in the preinjury PER, 5 (19%) remained within 1 point of the preinjury PER, and the PER decreased by more than 1 point after return to play in 12 (44%). Although decreases occurred in most of the statistical categories for players returning from ACL surgery, the number of games played, field goal percentage, and number of turnovers per game were the only categories with a statistically significant decrease. Players in the comparison group had a statistically significant increase in the PER over their careers, whereas the study group had a marked, though not statistically significant, increase in the PER in the season after reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: After ACL reconstruction in 27 basketball players, 22% did not return to a sanctioned NBA game. For those returning to play, performance decreased by more than 1 PER point in 44% of the patients, although the changes were not statistically significant relative to the comparison group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

The supraspinatus distension sign: an indicator of supraspinatus integrity.

PURPOSE: To determine if direct contact between the biceps tendon and supraspinatus in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy performed in the lateral decubitus position has predictive value in evaluating full-thickness and articular-sided, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Five hundred sixty-three consecutive shoulder arthroscopies in the lateral decubitus position were performed by a single surgeon between September 2005 and September 2007. The presence or absence of distance between the biceps tendon and supraspinatus was evaluated upon entering the joint. A diagnostic arthroscopy of the glenohumeral and subacromial spaces then ensued to determine the presence and extent of rotator cuff tear. RESULTS: The biceps-supraspinatus interval was preserved in 211 of 232 (90.9%) of the articular-sided, partial-thickness tears. The biceps-supraspinatus space was absent in 76 of 77 (98.7%) of the full-thickness tears. After excluding cases of concomitant adhesive capsulitis, all 211 articular-sided, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and only 1 of 75 (1.3%) full-thickness rotator cuff tears was associated with a preserved biceps-supraspinatus interval (false negative). CONCLUSIONS: Our study further validates the high sensitivity and specificity of using the loss of supraspinatus distension for predicting full-thickness rotator cuff tears. We also report the reliable preservation of supraspinatus distension with articular-sided, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. These articular-sided partial-thickness tears typically do not lead to sufficient egress of arthroscopic fluid from the glenohumeral joint to cause a loss of supraspinatus distension. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prognostic case series.

Subacromial pain pump use with arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a short-term prospective study of complications in 583 patients.

Pain pumps containing local anesthetics, with or without opioids, can be used for perioperative analgesia after arthroscopic shoulder surgery to reduce pain. Although several smaller studies have demonstrated the analgesic properties, no large series to date has reported the short-term complication rate of subacromial pain pumps. We prospectively studied (2005 to 2007) 583 patients who underwent arthroscopic shoulder surgery at a single outpatient surgery center and had intraoperative placement of a pain pump catheter into the subacromial space. Patients had at least 1 month of follow-up. No patient received perioperative brachial plexus regional anesthesia. There were no cases of infection, internal catheter breakage, pump failure, or hospital admission for pain control. The only complication was external catheter breakage that occurred when a patient attempted to remove the pump without removing the tape fastening the catheter at the skin. Subacromial pain pumps used for arthroscopic shoulder procedures are safe in the short-term.

Osteoarticular and total elbow allograft reconstruction with severe bone loss.

UNLABELLED: Osteoarticular allograft reconstruction is an option in patients with massive periarticular elbow bone loss secondary to tumor surgery or trauma. Our consecutive series consisted of 18 patients with tumors and one patient with trauma. Reconstruction consisted of 16 hemiarticular allografts and three total elbow osteoarticular allografts; patients had a minimum followup of 2 years (mean, 9.9 years; range, 2-12 years). For patients who had hemiarticular allografts, 14 of 16 were able to return to their preoperative level of occupational function, with one patient experiencing failure of the allograft from infection. For the three patients who had total elbow allograft reconstructions, all had degenerative changes develop after surgery and two of the allografts failed. Complications occurred in six of 19 patients. Hemiarticular elbow allograft reconstruction is useful for limb salvage with massive bone loss. Total elbow allograft reconstructions have a high failure rate in the mid-term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Acromioclavicular joint reoperation after arthroscopic subacromial decompression with and without concomitant acromioclavicular surgery.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the reoperation rate on the acromioclavicular (AC) joint after arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASAD) with and without concomitant AC joint surgery and to identify factors related to continued AC joint symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 1,482 cases without concomitant shoulder pathology that were followed up by physical examination, phone interview, questionnaire, or chart review. Group A, patients who underwent ASAD alone, consisted of 1,091 cases. Group B, patients who underwent ASAD with concomitant AC joint surgery consisting of either co-planing or arthroscopic distal clavicle resection (ADCR), consisted of 391 cases. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients underwent reoperation on the AC joint. The overall reoperation rate was 1.5%, or 22 of 1,482 patients. The index procedure failed in 16 patients from the ASAD group (group A), yielding a reoperation rate of 1.5%. The index procedure failed in 6 patients from the group undergoing ASAD with concomitant AC joint surgery (group B), for a reoperation rate of 1.5%. Reoperation occurred at a mean of 22 months and 8 months for group A and group B, respectively. Overall, 17 of 22 patients (77%) who required AC joint reoperation were either Workers' Compensation (WC) or litigation cases. The reoperation rate was 2.4% for WC patients and 0.8% for non-WC patients. WC status was found to be a statistically significant factor in the rate of reoperation for AC joint symptoms (P < .05). Of the 22 patients, 10 continued to have pain at a mean of 25.9 months (range, 9 to 53 months) after reoperation. Given the similar rates of reoperation, routine AC joint violation by co-planing or ADCR is not recommended during ASAD. Reoperation for continued AC joint symptoms was associated with a nearly 50% rate of continued symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show that the incidence of reoperation on the AC joint after ASAD with or without concomitant AC joint surgery is small for both groups with a 1.5% rate of reoperation for each group. The incidence of reoperation is lower, at 0.8%, for non-WC cases. In addition, there was a high rate of continued symptoms, with 45% of patients having continued pain after reoperation. Violation of the AC joint during the initial surgery by co-planing or ADCR did not alter the reoperation rate for AC joint symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Direct biceps tendon and supraspinatus contact as an indicator of rotator cuff tear during shoulder arthroscopy in the lateral decubitus position.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate consecutive shoulder arthroscopies for the presence or absence of a space between the biceps tendon and the supraspinatus as an indicator of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. We performed 588 consecutive shoulder arthroscopies in the lateral decubitus position, and the presence or absence of a space between the rotator cuff (supraspinatus) and the biceps tendon was recorded immediately upon entering and insufflating the joint. Of the 588 patients, 174 (30%) were found to have full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Of these 174 patients, 171 had absence of the space between the biceps and the supraspinatus, for a sensitivity of 98%. Of the 414 patients in whom no full-thickness tear was present, 4 had absence of the space, for a specificity of 99%. The 4 patients with a false-negative result had adhesive capsulitis. During shoulder arthroscopy, a normal interval exists between the supraspinatus and biceps tendons as a result of joint insufflation. Loss of this interval is both highly sensitive (98%) and specific (99%) for a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. The space between the rotator cuff and the biceps tendon can be a reliable adjunct for verification of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear immediately upon entering the shoulder joint but should not be used in place of a full arthroscopic evaluation of the cuff.